George Glazer Gallery - Antique Globes

Andrews & Co. (Chicago)
Annin & Smith (Boston)
Bardin Family (London)
Bauer Family (Nuremberg)
Cary Family and G.F. Cruchley (London)
Chicago Globe Makers
George F. Cram Company (Chicago and Indianapolis)
Delamarche Family (France)
Denoyer-Geppert (Chicago)
J. Felkl & Son (Prague)
James Ferguson (London)
J. Forest and Girard, Barrère & Thomas (Paris)
Franklin Globes (Merriam, Moore, Nims and Knight) (Troy, New York)
Geographia Ltd. (London)
C.S. Hammond & Co. (New York, Brooklyn and Boston)
Charles Holbrook (Massachusetts, Ohio and Connecticut)
W. & A.K. Johnston (London)
Gilman Joslin and Josiah Loring (Boston)
Klinger Kunsthandlung (Nuremberg)
Laing Planetarium Company (Detroit)
Lane (London)
J. Lebègue (Brussels)
Malby (London)
Newton Family of Globe Makers (England)
A. J. Nystrom (Chicago)
George Philip & Sons (England)
Rand McNally & Co. (Chicago)
Dietrich Reimer (Berlin)
Replogle (Chicago)
Schedler (New York, New Jersey)
John Senex (London)
Weber Costello (Chicago)
James Wilson (New York and Vermont)
James Wyld (London)

Andrews & Co. and Weber Costello 19th and 20th Century Chicago

In the last decades of the 19th century, Chicago became the leading center for commercial cartographic publishing in the United States. As the hub of the expanding American railroad system, it was logical for Chicago publishers to incorporate the latest railway routes into a complex mapping of America. In addition, cerography, an innovative wax-engraving printing technique, was adopted by Chicago publishers enabling larger printings and more efficient updates of maps and atlases.

The production of terrestrial globes also proliferated in Chicago. A.H. Andrews, a clerk for the major East Coast Holbrook family of globemakers, traveled to Chicago to begin his own globe business in the early 1860s. A.H. Andrews & Co. was succeeded by C.F. Weber & Co. at the turn of the century, and then by Weber Costello Company about 1907. Weber Costello continued production of globes through the 1950s.

Annin & Smith 19th Century Boston

William B. Annin and George G. Smith of Boston were prominent Boston engravers trading as Annin & Smith. Annin and Smith began working together about 1820. In 1831, Pendleton’s Lithography, a publisher of maps and globes, absorbed their company. Annin was also was hired by Josiah Loring to engrave (or re-engrave) the gores for some of his globes.

Bardin Family 18th and 19th Century London

The Bardin family were among the greatest globe makers in London from the late eighteenth through the early nineteenth century. The patriarch of the family, William Bardin (d. 1798), began globe production in the 1780s. The origin of Bardin's globes is thought to be traceable to the early 18th Century globes of John Senex (see Senex biography below). 15 years after Senex's death, the copper plates for his globe gores were sold to James Ferguson (see Ferguson biography above).

In 1757, Ferguson transferred his globe trade, including his Senex globe gores, to the scientific instrument maker and lecturer Benjamin Martin (1704-1782). One of Bardin's earliest globes refers directly to Ferguson: "A/New, Accurate, and/Compleat/Terrestrial Globe, /... originally laid down/ by the late/ Mr. James Ferguson, F.R.S. ... Published as the Act directs ... Augt. 1st/ 1783." William Bardin's connection with Ferguson is thought to be through Gabriel Wright (d. 1803-04), an apprentice of Benjamin Martin. Wright went to work for the Bardin family of globe makers and worked with Bardin in creating his first globe in 1782. Some of Bardin's early globes were given away to subscribers of the Georgian publication, The Geographical Magazine.

In 1790, William Bardin's son, Thomas Marriott Bardin, completed a seven-year apprenticeship, and immediately joined ranks with his father, the firm thereafter trading as W. & T.M. Bardin. In 1798, the father and the son team began publication of their "New British Globes." The 18-inch New British Globes include dedications to the scientist Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society (terrestrial) and astronomer Neville Maskelyne (celestial), and were frequently marketed by the scientific instrument makers and dealers W. & S. Jones. The skill required for the production of these 12- and 18-inch globes was much admired by the Bardin's contemporaries. Following T.M. Bardin's death in 1819, his daughter, Elizabeth Marriott Bardin, continued the family's globe production until 1832, at which time the company's title was passed to her husband, Samuel Sabine. Edkins.

Bauer Family 18th and 19th Century Nuremberg

Johann Bernard Bauer (1752-1839) and his sons Carl Johann Sigmund Bauer (1780-1857) and Peter Bauer (1783-1847) were scientific instrument makers, globe makers and engravers in Nuremberg. Between them, the Bauer family produced a variety of globes, including miniatures for the educational market. Carl Bauer is also known for packaging a miniature globe in a box with inserted folding engravings of the peoples of the world as a set called The Earth and its Inhabitants. Versions for the German- and English-speaking markets survive, with variations in the number and style of engravings as well as in the appearance of the box lids. These sets are either unsigned or bear the initials C.B. on the globe or box.

Cary Family and G.F. Cruchley 18th and 19th Century London

The celebrated Cary family of cartographers and globe makers was founded by John Cary (c. 1754-1835), a map engraver and seller. He and his brother, William Cary, a specialist in scientific instruments, produced some of the greatest late Georgian globes. The Cary family is considered the best of English globe makers of the late Georgian period. They used excellent quality paper and printing techniques so their globes often survive in nice condition.

According to Collins and Lamb, "John Cary in partnership with his brother William were one of the foremost London map and globe sellers of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They built up a thriving and prosperous business, both as instrument makers and map publishers." The Cary firm was continued by sons George and John Cary in the Regency period. In the mid 19th Century, the plates were passed to G.F. Cruchley, a map seller who continued to produce globes under the Cary name.

References: Peter van der Krogt, Old Globes in the Netherlands (H&S, Utrecht: 1984), pp. 77-86; Yonge, pp. 15-22; Sir Herbert George Fordham, John Cary, Engraver, Map, Chart and Print-Seller and Globe-Maker (Cambridge University Press: 1925); Tom Lamb and Jeremy P. Collins (ed.) The World In Your Hands (London: 1994).

Chicago Globe Makers 19th - 21st Century Chicago

The production of terrestrial globes also proliferated in Chicago. A.H. Andrews, a clerk for the major east coast Holbrook family of globemakers, traveled to Chicago to begin his own globe business in the early 1860s. A.H. Andrews & Co. was succeeded by C.F. Weber & Co. at the turn of the Century, and then by Weber Costello Company about 1907. Weber Costello continued production through the 1950s.

Many Chicago globe makers and school suppliers, such as Weber Costello and A.J. Nystrom imported their globes from the British manufacturer W. & A.K. Johnston, often under their own names or with their own over-label.

Rand McNally, a prominent map publisher, began globe production in Chicago in the late 19th Century.

The George F. Cram Company of Chicago, and Indianapolis, a major map and atlas publisher of the late 19th Century, began producing a line of globes in the early 20th Century. Replogle Globe Company began production in the 1920s. Each of these firms continues in business today as the largest current American globe manufacturers.

The globes were made on a variety of stands, more expensive ones made with wood or copper-finished cast iron, and less expensive ones on spun steel or wire bases. The stands often were traditional styles retained from decades past, but sometimes reflected the latest decorative arts movement.

The globe gores were made with photo-lithography or photo-process printing, and an attempt was made to keep them accurate and up-to-date.

George F. Cram Company 19th - 21st Century Chicago and Indianapolis

In the last decades of the 19th century, Chicago became the leading center for commercial cartographic publishing in the United States. As the hub of the expanding American railroad system, it was logical for Chicago publishers to incorporate the latest railway routes into a complex mapping of America. The production of terrestrial globes also proliferated in Chicago.

The George F. Cram Company, originally a producer of maps and atlases in the 19th century, emerged in the 20th century as one of the leading American globe makers. The company was founded by George Franklin Cram (May 20, 1842 - March 24, 1928). The George F. Cram Company continued even after George F. Cram sold his interest upon retirement in 1920 to the National Map Company (successor to the Scarborough Company of mapmakers in Boston). According to George F. Cram Company records, globe manufacturing began about 1932 to 1934, and in January 1936, the Company moved to 730 East Washington Street in Indianapolis, Indiana. The firm still remains active as a globe and map publisher today.

Delamarche Family 18th and 19th Century France

The Delamarche family of cartographers was the most renowned and prolific producers of globes and armillary spheres in France in the 19th century. The firm was founded by Charles Francois Delamarche in the late 18th Century, as successor to the Robert de Vaugondy family of map and globe makers to King Louis XVI. Charles Delamarche republished many Robert de Vaugondy maps and globes, and continued production throughout the 19th century, with Charles Dien and his own son.

Didier Robert de Vaugondy was the great grandson of the renowned French cartographer Nicolas Sanson, and son of Gilles Robert de Vaugondy. Stevenson notes that Gilles and Didier issued their first pair of globes in 1751. Didier eventually succeeded his father as Royal Geographer to the King [Geographe Ordinaire du Roi].

Denoyer-Geppert 20th Century Chicago

The Denoyer-Geppert Company was a major manufacturer and supplier of "visual demonstration equipment for geography, history and the biological sciences," including globes and maps. Based in Chicago, it was co-founded in 1916 by L. Philip Denoyer, a former geography teacher, and O.E. Geppert, a salesman. In its early years, the firm was associated with two British globe and mapmakers, George Philip & Sons and W. & A.K. Johnston, Geppert’s former employer. The Denoyer-Geppert Company continued in business as a globe maker and school supply house until the late 20th century.

J. Felkl & Son 19th and 20th Century Prague, Roztok and Vienna

In the late 19th Century, the Prague firm of J. Felkl and Son became the leading European globe maker, producing a variety of globes for export throughout Europe and to the United States. These globes were produced primarily for use in schools and institutions, but also for home libraries.

Jan Felkl was born in Bohemia in the early 19th Century. As early as 1855, Felkl offered an illustrated prospectus for globes in six various sizes. Within the next 20 years, Felkl rose to be the largest globe manufacturer within the Austro-Hungarian market, producing terrestrial and celestial globes in 17 languages, as well as lunar globes, planetaria, telluria, lunaria and induction globes. Felkl exhibited his globes the world exhibitions of 1867 in Paris and 1873 in Vienna.

Felkl's early globes were produced by engraving and hand coloring the gores. Greater production, estimated at 15,000 globes per year in 1873 was made possible with the development of lithography. Felkl founded his own "geographic lithographic institute" in Prague to produce globe gores and maps. One of the best known authors of the German Felkl globes was the Leipzig cartographer Otto Delitsch, who developed the idea of brown color tone graduation of height.

In 1870, Felkl moved his factory from Prague to Roztok and took his youngest son Christoph Zikmund as partner in his firm, renamed Felkl & Son. They employed up to 40 people and opened branches in Prague and Vienna. After the death of Jan Felkl in 1887, the firm was continued by the Felkl family until the mid 20th Century.

James Ferguson 18th Century London

James Ferguson of London was a traveling lecturer and maker of instruments, including globes. The origin of his globes is traceable to the early 18th Century globes of John Senex (see Senex. biography below).

At this time the copper plates for the globe gores created by Senex were sold to James Ferguson, but the acquisition excluded the copper plates for Senex's pocket globe gores. Accordingly, Ferguson designed a pocket globe of his own, of which several editions are known. Ferguson had various Senex gores re-engraved by James Mynde (d. 1760) to incorporate the tracks and discoveries of Admiral Anson's circumnavigation of the years 1740-1744, and Mynde also engraved the gores for Ferguson's pocket globe.

Early in 1756, Ferguson moved into new premises in the Strand and at the sign of "The Globe" but in 1757, Ferguson transferred his globe trade, including the Senex globe gores, to the scientific instrument maker and lecturer Benjamin Martin (1704-1782). The plates for Senex pocket globes were not sold to Ferguson, however, but were instead transferred directly to George Adams (1704-72), the patriarch of the Adams family of globe makers. His son, Dudley Adams, published a revised version of Ferguson's pocket globes under his own name in the late 18th Century. In the early 19th Century, other revised editions were published by N. Lane, a prolific maker of pocket globes.

J. Forest and Girard, Barrère & Thomas 18th & 19th Century Paris

J. Forest made a large variety of globes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, largely for school use, but also for home use. Their prolific output included table globes, some on ebonized turned stands; floor globes; and novelty globes, including terrestrial globes on geared turntable stands, and cigarette lighters incorporating globes. In the 20th century Forest produced light up globes, including modernist aluminum bases. Forest globes were mainly labeled in French, with some for export in English or Spanish.

In the early 20th century, J. Forest was apparently succeeded by the geographical publishing firm Girard & Barrère, which continued to offer "Globes Forest" at the same Rue de Buci address in Paris that Forest used. During the early and mid 20th century the firm also produced globes and geographical publications as Girard, Barrère et Thomas. This may have been a merger or partnership with the 19th century Paris globemaker G. Thomas.

Franklin Globes (Merriam, Moore, Nims and Knight) 19th Century Troy, New York

Franklin Globes were produced throughout the second half of the 19th century in Troy, New York, by a succession of globe makers and booksellers: Merriam & Moore, Merriam Moore & Co., Moore & Nims, H.B. Nims & Co., Nims & Knight, and back to H.B. Nims & Co. in the 1890s. They were available in the six, ten, twelve, sixteen, and thirty-inch diameters, with a variety of bases, generally in iron or wood and reflecting the prevailing Victorian decorative arts style of the period.

Reference: Warner, Deborah Jean. "The Geography of Heaven and Earth." Rittenhouse Journal of the American Scientific Instrument Enterprise. Vol. 2, Nos. 2 " 3, 1987. pp. 63-64, 88-89.

Geographia Ltd. 20th Century London

Geographia, Ltd. was a prolific London-based publisher of globes, maps and atlases from the early 1900s to the late 1980s. Thereafter, it was eventually absorbed into Collins Bartholomew, the cartographic division of HarperCollins. Geographia was founded by Alexander Gross (1879-1958), described in the Collins Bartholomew company history as "a truculent Hungarian immigrant." The firm produced street maps and atlases of all the major cities in the United Kingdom, the most popular of which was the Greater London Street Atlas and its New York office produced street guides for American cities in the mid 20th century. Scholar Elly Dekker estimates the dates of Geographia globe production as ranging from 1910 to 1987.

References: "About Us." Collins Bartholomew. 2003. http://www.bartholomewmaps.com/about_us_all.htm (16 May 2005). Dekker, Elly, et al. Globes at Greenwich: A Catalogue of the Globes and Armillary Spheres in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. London: Oxford University Press and the National Maritime Museum, 1999. p. 54.

C.S. Hammond & Co. 19th and 20th Century New York, Brooklyn, Boston

C.S. Hammond & Co. was a prominent producer of maps and globes from the late 19th Century, and continues in business today. It was one of the few globe manufacturers not to move to Chicago, instead producing their globes in New York, Brooklyn and Boston. However, in addition to manufacturing their own globes, they used both W.& A.K. Johnston and Chicago globes with the Hammond overlabel. Hammond's own globes can often be identified by their characteristic central metal sphere.

Charles Holbrook 19th Century Massachusetts, Ohio and Connecticut

Charles Holbrook, was the final in line of the highly influential Holbrook family, makers and sellers of globes, scientific instrument, and school supplies. In 1888, Charles Holbrook advertised his business in this Teacher's Manual for Lunar Tellurian, as "Three Generations and Sixty years in the Cause of Education."

Established in 1832 by Josiah Holbrook at Roxbury, Mass.
Continued in 1840 by Dwight Holbrook, at Berea, Ohio
Transferred in 1854 by Dwight Holbrook to Wethersfield, Conn.
Transferred in 1858 by Dwight Holbrook to Windsor Locks, Conn.
Purchased in 1877 by Charles W. Holbrook

W. & A.K. Johnston British Globe Maker and Exporter

W. & A.K. Johnston was among the most important figures in the production of globes in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Although a British manufacturer, they were highly influential in producing globes to be sold in America under the Johnston name, or under the name of American globe makers and school supply houses. William (1802-1888) and Alexander Keith (1804-1871) Johnston began as apprentices to the Scottish globe maker and publisher James Kirkwood (fl. 1774-1824). After a fire at the Kirkwood's Edinburgh workshop, they set up their own workshop. Their largest globe was a 30-inch diameter physical terrestrial globe which won a number of medals at the Great Exhibition. The received a royal appointment, hence the cartouche of their globes is surmounted by the royal coat of arms.

W. & A.K. Johnston's business was continued well into the early 20th century with strategic business relationships with most of the major American Chicago globe makers, including A.H. Andrews, Rand McNally, Weber Costello, and A.J. Nystrom. These American globe makers and school supply houses often sold Johnston globes with an over-label pasted over the Johnston label. In that case, the royal coat of arms that surmounted the round cartouche often still showed. Johnston's globes were very popular for school use in the United States, and were also exported to America for home libraries.

Gilman Joslin and Josiah Loring 19th Century America

Gilman Joslin (1804-c. 1886), one of America's most prolific globe makers, began making globes for Josiah Loring (1775-c. 1840) in 1837, and took over the business two years later. Loring had begun selling globes in 1832. He advertised that his globes were superior to British globes of the period. Yet, early Loring globes were either imported from C. Smith & Sons, one of the leading British globe makers of the late Georgian period, or re-engraved versions of Smith & Sons globes. Gilman Joslin began as a wood turner and maker of looking glass mirrors. After taking over Loring´s business, he began producing globes under the Loring name and under his own name. Joslin set up a globe manufacturing facility in Boston, and by 1850 had five workers. Gilman Joslin was joined by his son William B. Joslin in 1874 and the firm continued in operation as Gilman Joslin & Son until 1907.

Joslin & Son's globe handbook states that their globes were useful for instructing students in geography and "[f]or library or office use [were] no less valuable, showing . . . at a glance, the true relative situations of Political and Geographical Divisions, Cities, etc., the world over." The handbook also enumerated various "advantages" of Joslin globes: "They may be depended upon as accurate, the plates having lately been revised to correspond with all recent political changes. All the maps are printed directly from copper plates, and are not lithographed. The meridians are accurately graduated. The varnish is warranted not to crack or peel off, a common failing. The stands are thoroughly and firmly fitted together, and the general workmanship throughout is of the first order."

—Joslin's Hand-Book, pp. 3-4.

Additional References: Deborah Jean Warner, "The Geography of Heaven and Earth," Rittenhouse Journal of the American Scientific Instrument Enterprise, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1987), pp. 100-03; Ena L. Yonge, A Catalogue of Early Globes, Library Series No. 6 (American Geographical Society: 1968), pp. 37-38; Dekker, pp. 126, 140, 176.)

C. Abel Klinger Kunsthandlung German Globe Maker and Exporter

Johann Georg Klinger (1764-1806), a Nuremberg art dealer and engraver, was the founder of a prolific globe making enterprise in 1790. The company continued in operation until shortly after World War I under various names, including Klinger Kunsthandlung; Klinger, Bauer; and after 1852, C. Abel-Klinger Kunsthandlung. Like other German and Central European globe factories during the latter half of the 19th century, the firm issued a wide variety of table and floor globes in different languages for export. The Abel-Klinger firm was also known for its small globes for educational purposes and classroom use, sometimes set in hinged boxes. The Klinger firm continued in operation until shortly after World War I.

Laing Planetarium Company 19th Century Tellurian Developer and Manufacturer

Laing Planetarium Company developed this model tellurian at the end of the 19th century, together with a larger tellurian. Its use is described in a manual by the inventor Alexander Laing, published in 1900. In about 1905 Laing sold the company to the Trippensee Planetarium Company, also of Detroit, Michigan, which adapted the device with their patented chain-and-gear driven model that superceded the Laing string-driven mechanism. Both companies fitted the tellurian with the Rand McNally 3-inch terrestrial globe copyrighted 1891.

Additional References: Alexander Laing, Facts in Mathematical Geography. A Manual for Schools and Homes, Comprising Elements of Astronomy, Laing Planetarium Co., Camden, N.J. and Detroit, Michigan: 1900; Edward Hovey, Elements of Mathematical Geography - A Hand Book for School and Home Use in Connection with the Trippensee Planetarium (Detroit: 1911).

Lane 18th and 19th Century London

Nicolas Lane (act. 1775-83) was a London maker of pocket globes. In 1776, he produced two pocket globes, a celestial and a terrestrial. A pocket globe issued in the early 19th Century as "Lane's Improved Globe" apparently was derived from globe gores from Dudley Adams pocket globes. Various updated pocket globes were produced under the Lane name by his successors during the first half of the 19th century. These were often sold by globe sellers, stationers, opticians and scientific instrument dealers, sometimes with their own name printed in the cartouche or pasted as a label over the Lane’s cartouche. These dealers included Jacob and Halse, R.B. Bate, J. Harris, T. Blunt, Schmalcalder, J. Smith, and West.

References: Dekker, Elly, et al. Globes at Greenwich: A Catalogue of the Globes and Armillary Spheres in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. London: Oxford University Press and the National Maritime Museum, 1999. pp. 55, 128-129, 131, 393-394.

J. Lebègue 19th Century Brussels

J. Lebègue & Co. published globes in Brussels, Belgium. Their small globes are often labeled J.L. & Co. The geographer R. Barbot worked for them, probably in close relationship.

Additional References: Allmayer-Beck, Peter E. Modelle der Welt: Erd-und Himmelsgloben -- Kulturerbe aus oesterreichischen Sammlungen. Vienna: Bibliophile Edition/Christian Brandstaetter Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997. p. 217.

Malby 19th Century London

The Malby family of map and globe makers was started by Thomas Malby, Sr. about 1839 and continued producing globes until at least 1860. The firm operated as Malby & Son with Thomas Malby, Jr. and globes produced by the company generally were engraved by C. Malby -- presumably a family member -- and later continued by Thomas Malby III. The Malby firm is perhaps best known for producing a strikingly large reissue of John Addison’s 1825 terrestrial globe at about 36 inches in diameter (92 cm) produced for the Great Exhibition. Malby produced a variety of table globes in many sizes as well as an interesting pocket globe. The depiction of the lines of magnetic variation on a globe was a Malby innovation. The Malby firm associated itself with the geographical publishing of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK). By 1862, Malby globes designed for the SDUK were published by Edward Stanford (1827-1904) whose company is still in business today. Malby also worked with James Wyld, a map, atlas, and globemaker. Wyld sold Malby globes with a James Wyld overlabel. Reissues by Philip & Son have also been recorded.

Newton Family of Globe Makers 19th Century England

The Newton family of cartographers were among the leading English globe makers of the early 19th Century, producing floor standing, table, and pocket globes under various names. The firm's history dates back to Nathaniel Hill, who taught the art of globe making to Thomas Bateman (fl. 1754-1781), who then trained John Newton (1759-1844), the patriarch of the Newton firm.

John Newton began his firm in 1780, first publishing a reissue of a Nathaniel Hill pocket globe in partnership with William Palmer. At the turn of the 19th century, John Newton located at 97 Chancery Lane, and was soon joined in business by his second son William (1786-1861) under the name J.& W. Newton. From 1831 to 1841, Miles Berry, a civil engineer, was a member of the firm, known as Newton, Son & Berry. After 1841, ownership passed to William Newton's eldest son William Edward Newton (1818-79). Alfred Vincent (1821-1900) also became associated with the firm, and it remained in operation by subsequent generations until the early 20th Century.

Alfred J. Nystrom 20th Century Chicago

Alfred J. Nystrom, started in business as a salesman for a competing school supply company before founding A.J. Nystrom & Company, a Chicago school supply house, in 1904. The company advertised itself as the American representative of W. & A.K. Johnston, of Edinburgh and Scotland, the largest exporter of globes to the United States at the turn of the Century. Nystrom's relationship with Johnston was illustrated in double hemisphere map-form logo with the motto: "The Best of Two Continents."

George Philip & Sons 19th & 20th Century England

George Philip & Sons was founded in 1834 in Liverpool by George Philip (1800-1882) primarily as a publisher of maps and atlases and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1984. Its production of globes in the 19th century was mainly limited to associations with other British globe makers, including Smith & Sons, London. In 1902 Philip ventured into globe manufacture, facilitated by the firm's establishment of the London Geographical Institute, a large factory for map, atlas, and globe production. Over the years, Philip has acquired the production lines of other British globe makers including Malby, Betts, Smith and Johnston.

Rand McNally & Co. 19th and 20th Century Chicago

In the last decades of the 19th century, Chicago became the leading center for commercial cartographic publishing in the United States. As the hub of the expanding American railroad system, it was logical for Chicago publishers to incorporate the latest railway routes into a complex mapping of America. In addition, cerography, an innovative wax-engraving printing technique, was adopted by Chicago publishers enabling larger printings and more efficient updates of maps and atlases.

Rand McNally and Company became a preeminent publisher of maps and atlases in Chicago in the 1870s and 1880s, then ventured into globe making in the 1890s, and continues in business today. As noted by scholar and librarian Cynthia H. Peters, the company "has become synonymous with mapmaking in American life," and "[t]heir success highlights the movement of the American map publishing industry's center of gravity from the East to the Midwest."

Reference: Peters, Cynthia H. "Rand, McNally in the Nineteenth Century: Reaching for a National Market." Chicago History: The Magazine of the Chicago Historical Society, Spring 1984, Vol.8, No. 1, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago: 1984. pp. 64-72.

Dietrich Reimer 19th and 20th Century Berlin

Dietrich Reimer (1818-1899) was a major European manufacturer of terrestrial globes in the latter half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. The firm Verlag Dietrich Reimer (Dietrich Reimer Publisher) was founded in Berlin in 1845. In 1852, following the firm's purchase of Carl Adami & Co., another globe making company, Adami (1802-1874) worked as a cartographer for Reimer, updating Reimer’s globes. In 1852, Reimer hired the cartographer and globe designer Heinrich Kiepert (1818-1899), who was responsible for many innovative designs. Reimer retired in 1891 and the company continued under the leadership of E. Vohsen until 1919 when it was converted into a corporation. In the second quarter of the 20th century, the Reimer corporation continued to be a prolific maker of a variety of globes, largely for school use, until about the 1960s.

Replogle 20th and 21st Century Chicago

Luther Irvin Replogle, the son of a Pennsylvania Dutch family of German immigrants, began his career as a globe salesman in Chicago at a time when that city was already the center of American globe production (see "Chicago Globe Makers" above). Replogle started his own business there in the late 1920s, assembling globes in his apartment, and built it into one of the major American globe manufacturing companies of the 20th century.

Replogle’s first globes were British imports, though the company achieved early success manufacturing its own inexpensive souvenir globes. From the late 1930s, it became a prolific manufacturer of school globes, with a large variety of table and floor models. The company also produced globes for home use, such as light up globes and models on more expensive stands. They manufactured tin toy globes as well, many with aviation or space themes, particularly in the 1950s and 60s. Replogle continues in business today under private ownership. More about the company’s history can be found on their web site.

Schedler 19th Century New York and New Jersey

Joseph Schedler (fl.1860s-1880s), founder of the Schedler firm, and his successor, Herman Schedler (fl. 1880s -1890s), were German immigrants, based in New York and Jersey City, New Jersey, who manufactured a wide variety of table, floor, and novelty globes, generally for school use, but some designed specifically for the home "parlor."

Schedler was among the first American globe makers to include details of shipping lines, telegraph lines, ocean currents, depth figures, and lines of magnetic variation. Joseph Schedler's globes won prizes at the Paris International Exhibition in 1867, the American Institute Fair in 1869 and the Vienna International Exhibition in 1873. In 1875, Schedler published An Illustrated Manual for the Use of the Terrestrial and Celestial Globes.

E. Steiger, a New York bookseller, sold a full selection of Schedler globes, illustrated in catalogs issued in the late 1870s and 1880s. In Steiger's 1878 Educational Directory, he promoted the educational value of providing a globe for every student. The teacher would use a large globe to teach the class, and the pupils would have globes "of small size in their hands." Schedler globes were also produced for home use "as among the necessaries in every well-furnished home."

John Senex 18th Century London

John Senex (fl. 1690-1740) "stood at the beginning of a new branch of globe producers in Britain," in the early 18th Century (Dekker & van der Krogt, p. 112). Senex began as an astronomer and map maker, and was also an engraver, publisher, surveyor and geographer to Queen Anne. He produced pocket globes as well as larger globes in collaboration with Charles Price (fl. 1697-1733) from 1706 to 1710, and thereafter under his own name until his death in 1740. Senex's widow continued globe production until 1755. At this time the copper plates for the globe gores Senex had created were sold to James Ferguson (see Ferguson biography above).

James Wilson Father of American Globe Making, 19th Century

James Wilson (1763-1855), a Bradford, Vermont farmer and blacksmith by trade, is the father of American globe making. Like his contemporary, the ornithologist and painter John Audubon (1785-1851) Wilson united art and science in the works he produced. Wilson was the first American to manufacture globes, having been inspired by European globes he saw at Dartmouth College. A self-taught geographer and engraver, he not only made the globe spheres but designed, engraved and printed the cartographic gores for them. Wilson began his business in Vermont in about 1810 and his sons expanded and moved it to Albany, New York, during the following decades. For more information about James Wilson see the article First American Globes on the Library of Congress web site.

James Wyld 19th Century London

James Wyld (1812-1887) took over the map publishing business that had been founded by his father, James Wyld, Sr. (d. 1836), and expanded into globe production. The elder Wyld began applying the new technique of lithography to map publishing around 1812 and was a founding member of the Royal Geographic Society. James Jr. was elected a member of the Society in 1839 and served as Geographer to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert; he also sat as a member of Parliament for a total of 16 years between 1847 and 1868. His firm was in operation from about 1837 to 1893 at addresses at Charing Cross, 2 Royal Exchange, and West Strand, producing a general variety of table and floor globes. Wyld operated an attraction for a ten year period in Leicester Square. There he constructed an enormous "Great Globe," nearly 60 feet in diameter (20 meters), that included a four-story interior with continents and oceans modeled in relief. He used the Leicester Square address on globes and catalogs, indicating that perhaps he sold them there. He also re-issued the Addison/Malby 36-inch diameter globe and sold globes made by Malby.